The Jim Crow polity consisted of the District of Columbia and the 21 states whose state laws, prior to enactment of the 1964 US Civil Rights Act, legalized racial discrimination in one or more of the following domains: education, transportation, hospital and penal institutions, welfare institutions (pauper homes), employment, marriage, public accommodation, other public venues, and voting. Jim Crow is a dichotomous variable of '0' for no, and '1' for yes.